Controller for providing inputs to control execution of a program when inputs are combined

ABSTRACT

A controller provides inputs to control execution of a program by combining controller input information and supplementary information indicating a three-dimensional motion of the controller. The combined input can be obtained by assigning the value of the controller input information as coarse control information and assigning the value of the supplementary input information as fine control information or vice versa.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,250, entitled, “OBTAINING INPUT FOR CONTROLLING EXECUTION OF A GAME PROGRAM”, filed on May 8, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,854,655.

This application also claims benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/968,161, entitled “SYSTEM FOR TRACKING USER MANIPULATIONS WITHIN AN ENVIRONMENT”, filed Dec. 14, 2010, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

This application also claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/718,145, entitled “AUDIO, VIDEO, SIMULATION, AND USER INTERFACE PARADIGMS”, filed Sep. 15, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

This application is a continuation in part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/207,677 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,102,615), entitled, “MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE USING A DEFORMABLE DEVICE”, filed on Jul. 27, 2002; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/650,409, entitled, “AUDIO INPUT SYSTEM”, filed on Aug. 27, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,613,310; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/663,236 (Patent Application Publication No. 2005-0059488 A1), entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ADJUSTING A VIEW OF A SCENE BEING DISPLAYED ACCORDING TO TRACKED HEAD MOTION”, filed on Sep. 15, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,883,415; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/759,782(now U.S. Pat. No. 7,623,115), entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LIGHT INPUT DEVICE”, filed on Jan. 16, 2004; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/820,469 (Patent Application Publication No. 2005-0226431), entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS TO DETECT AND REMOVE AUDIO DISTURBANCES”, filed on Apr. 7, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,970,147; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/301,673 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,646,372), entitled “METHOD FOR USING RELATIVE HEAD AND HAND POSITIONS TO ENABLE A POINTING INTERFACE VIA CAMERA TRACKING”, filed on Dec. 12, 2005 now U.S Pat. No. 7,646,372, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

This application is also a continuation in part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,729 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,809,145, to Xiao Dong Mao, entitled ULTRA SMALL MICROPHONE ARRAY, filed on May 4, 2006, application Ser. No. 11/381,728 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,545,926), to Xiao Dong Mao, entitled ECHO AND NOISE CANCELLATION, filed on May 4, 2006, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,725 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,783,061), to Xiao Dong Mao, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR TARGETED SOUND DETECTION”, filed on May 4, 2006, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,727 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,697,700), to Xiao Dong Mao, entitled “NOISE REMOVAL FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICE WITH FAR FIELD MICROPHONE ON CONSOLE”, filed on May 4, 2006, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,724 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0233389), to Xiao Dong Mao, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR TARGETED SOUND DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION”, filed on May 4, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,073,157, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,721 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0239471), to Xiao Dong Mao, entitled “SELECTIVE SOUND SOURCE LISTENING IN CONJUNCTION WITH COMPUTER INTERACTIVE PROCESSING”, filed on May 4, 2006; all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

This application is also a continuation in part (CIP) of: co-pending application No. 11/418,988 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0269072), to Xiao Dong Mao, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR ADJUSTING A LISTENING AREA FOR CAPTURING SOUNDS”, filed on May 4, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,160,269; application No. 11/418,989 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0280312), to Xiao Dong Mao, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR CAPTURING AN AUDIO SIGNAL BASED ON VISUAL IMAGE”, filed on May 4, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,139,793; application No. 11/429,047 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0269073), to Xiao Dong Mao, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR CAPTURING AN AUDIO SIGNAL BASED ON A LOCATION OF THE SIGNAL”, filed on May 4, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 8,233,642; application No. 11/429,133 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,760,248), to Richard Marks et al., entitled “SELECTIVE SOUND SOURCE LISTENING IN CONJUNCTION WITH COMPUTER INTERACTIVE PROCESSING”, filed on May 4, 2006; and application No. 11/429,414 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,627,139), to Richard Marks et al., entitled “Computer Image and Audio Processing of Intensity and Input Devices for Interfacing With A Computer Program”, filed on May 4, 2006, all of the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

This application is also a continuation in part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,031 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0264258), entitled “MULTI-INPUT GAME CONTROL MIXER”, filed on May 6, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,918,733; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,032 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,850,526), entitled “SYSTEM FOR TRACKING USER MANIPULATIONS WITHIN AN ENVIRONMENT”, filed on May 6, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,033 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0287084), entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD, AND APPARATUS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL INPUT CONTROL”, filed on May 6, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,035 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0287085), entitled “INERTIALLY TRACKABLE HAND-HELD CONTROLLER”, filed on May 6, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,036 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0252451), entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR APPLYING GEARING EFFECTS TO VISUAL TRACKING”, filed on May 6, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,041 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,352,359), entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR APPLYING GEARING EFFECTS TO INERTIAL TRACKING”, filed on May 7, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,038 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,352,358), entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR APPLYING GEARING EFFECTS TO ACOUSTICAL TRACKING”, filed on May 6, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,040 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,391,409), entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR APPLYING GEARING EFFECTS TO MULTI-CHANNEL MIXED INPUT”, filed on May 7, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,034 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0256081), entitled “SCHEME FOR DETECTING AND TRACKING USER MANIPULATION OF A GAME CONTROLLER BODY”, filed on May 6, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,037 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0287086), entitled “SCHEME FOR TRANSLATING MOVEMENTS OF A HAND-HELD CONTROLLER INTO INPUTS FOR A SYSTEM”, filed on May 6, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,043 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0264260), entitled “DETECTABLE AND TRACKABLE HAND-HELD CONTROLLER”, filed on May 7, 2006 now abandoned; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,039 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0287087), entitled “METHOD FOR MAPPING MOVEMENTS OF A HAND-HELD CONTROLLER TO GAME COMMANDS”, filed on May 7, 2006; U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/259,349, entitled “CONTROLLER WITH INFRARED PORT”, filed on May 6, 2006 now abandoned; U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/259,350, entitled “CONTROLLER WITH TRACKING SENSORS”, filed on May 6, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. Des.621,836; U.S. Patent Application No. 60/798,031, entitled “DYNAMIC TARGET INTERFACE”, filed on May 6, 2006; and U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/259,348, entitled “TRACKED CONTROLLER DEVICE”, filed on May 6, 2006; all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/430,594, to Gary Zalewski and Riley R. Russell, entitled “Profile Detection”, filed May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/430,593 (Patent Application Publication No. 2007-0261077), to Gary Zalewski and Riley R. Russell, entitled “Using Audio/Visual Environment To Select Ads On Game Platform”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/400,997 (Patent Application Publication No. 2007-0060413), filed on Apr. 10, 2006, to Larsen and Chen, entitled “System And Method For Obtaining User Information From Voices”, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,259 (Patent Application Publication No. 2007-0015559), to Gary Zalewski et al., entitled “Method and apparatus for use in determining lack of user activity in relation to a system”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,258 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,782,297), to Gary Zalewski et al., entitled “Method and apparatus for use in determining an activity level of a user in relation to a system”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,251 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0282873), to Gary Zalewski et al., entitled “Hand-held controller having detectable elements for tracking purposes”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,252 (Patent Application Publication No. 2006-0274032), entitled “TRACKING DEVICE FOR USE IN OBTAINING INFORMATION FOR CONTROLLING GAME PROGRAM EXECUTION”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,256 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,803,050), entitled “TRACKING DEVICE WITH SOUND EMITTER FOR USE IN OBTAINING INFORMATION FOR CONTROLLING GAME PROGRAM EXECUTION”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,744, entitled “VIDEO GAME CONTROLLER FRONT FACE”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,743 (now U.S. Design Patent D571,367), entitled “VIDEO GAME CONTROLLER”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,767 (now U.S. Design Patent D572,254), entitled “VIDEO GAME CONTROLLER”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,768 (now U.S. Design Patent D571,806), entitled “VIDEO GAME CONTROLLER”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,763, entitled “ERGONOMIC GAME CONTROLLER DEVICE WITH LEDS AND OPTICAL PORTS”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,759, entitled “GAME CONTROLLER DEVICE WITH LEDS AND OPTICAL PORTS”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,765, entitled “DESIGN FOR OPTICAL GAME CONTROLLER INTERFACE”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,766, entitled “DUAL GRIP GAME CONTROL DEVICE WITH LEDS AND OPTICAL PORTS”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,764, entitled “GAME INTERFACE DEVICE WITH LEDS AND OPTICAL PORTS”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

This application also claims the priority benefit of U.S. Design Patent Application No. 29/246,762, entitled “ERGONOMIC GAME INTERFACE DEVICE WITH LEDS AND OPTICAL PORTS”, filed on May 8, 2006, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to human-computer interfacing and specifically to processing multi-channel input for tracking the user manipulation of one or more controllers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Computer entertainment systems typically include a hand-held controller, game controller, or other controller. A user or player uses the controller to send commands or other instructions to the entertainment system to control a video game or other simulation being played. For example, the controller may be provided with a manipulator which is operated by the user, such as a joy stick. The manipulated variable of the joy stick is converted from an analog value into a digital value, which is sent to the game machine main frame. The controller may also be provided with buttons that can be operated by the user.

It is with respect to these and other background information factors that the present invention has evolved.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The teachings of the present invention can be readily understood by considering the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a pictorial diagram illustrating a video game system that operates in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating the capture of light from a light source through an image capture device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram illustrating the determination of the location of a light source and the subsequent translation of that location to control movement of a corresponding cursor on a display screen in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1D is a schematic diagram illustrating a scheme for enhancing a tracking and translation methodology in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a controller made in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional schematic diagram illustrating an accelerometer that may be used in a controller according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a system for mixing various control inputs according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5A is a block diagram of a portion of the video game system of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 5B is a flow diagram of a method for tracking a controller of a video game system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5C is a flow diagram illustrating a method for utilizing position and/or orientation information during game play on a video game system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a video game system according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a cell processor implementation of the video game system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

Although the following detailed description contains many specific details for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to the following details are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments of the invention described below are set forth without any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitations upon, the claimed invention.

Various embodiments of the methods, apparatus, schemes and systems described herein provide for the detection, capture and tracking of the movements, motions and/or manipulations of the entire controller body itself by the user. The detected movements, motions and/or manipulations of the entire controller body by the user may be used as additional commands to control various aspects of the game or other simulation being played.

Detecting and tracking a user's manipulations of a game controller body may be implemented in different ways. For example, an inertial sensor, such as an accelerometer or gyroscope, an image capture unit, such as a digital camera, can be used with the computer entertainment system to detect motions of the hand-held controller body and transfer them into actions in a game. Examples of tracking a controller with an inertial sensor are described, e.g., in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,033, entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD, AND APPARATUS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL INPUT CONTROL” which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of tracking a controller using image capture are described, e.g., in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,034, entitled “SCHEME FOR DETECTING AND TRACKING USER MANIPULATION OF A GAME CONTROLLER BODY” which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, the controller and/or the user may also be tracked acoustically using a microphone array and appropriate signal processing. Examples of such acoustic tracking are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,721, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Acoustic sensing, inertial sensing and image capture can be used individually or in any combination to detect many different types of motions of the controller, such as for example up and down movements, twisting movements, side to side movements, jerking movements, wand-like motions, plunging motions, etc. Such motions may correspond to various commands such that the motions are transferred into actions in a game. Detecting and tracking the user's manipulations of a game controller body can be used to implement many different types of games, simulations, etc., that allow the user to, for example, engage in a sword or lightsaber fight, use a wand to trace the shape of items, engage in many different types of sporting events, engage in on-screen fights or other encounters, etc. A game program may be configured to track the motion of the controller and recognize certain pre-recorded gestures from the tracked motion. Recognition of one or more of these gestures may trigger a change in the game state.

In embodiments of the present invention controller path information obtained from these different sources may be mixed prior to analysis for gesture recognition. The tracking data from different sources (e.g., acoustic, inertial and image capture) may be mixed in a way that improves the likelihood of recognition of a gesture.

Referring to FIG. 1A, there is illustrated a system 100 that operates in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, a computer entertainment console 102 may be coupled to a television or other video display 104 to display the images of the video game or other simulation thereon. The game or other simulation may be stored on a DVD, CD, flash memory, USB memory, or other memory media 106 that is inserted into the console 102. A user or player 108 manipulates a game controller 110 to control the video game or other simulation. As seen in FIG. 2, the game controller 110 includes an inertial sensor 112 that produces signals in response to the position, motion, orientation or change in orientation of the game controller 110. In addition to the inertial sensor, the game controller 110 may include conventional control input devices, e.g., joysticks 111, buttons 113, R1, L1, and the like.

During operation, the user 108 physically moves the controller 110. For example, the controller 110 may be moved in any direction by the user 108, such as up, down, to one side, to the other side, twisted, rolled, shaken, jerked, plunged, etc. These movements of the controller 110 itself may be detected and captured by the camera 112 by way of tracking through analysis of signals from the inertial sensor 112 in a manner described below.

Referring again to FIG. 1A, the system 100 may optionally include a camera or other video image capturing device 114, which may be positioned so that the controller 110 is within the camera's field of view 116. Analysis of images from the image capturing device 114 may be used in conjunction with analysis of data from the inertial sensor 112.

FIG. 1B is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating the capture of light from a light source through an image capture device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Here, the user 108 is holding a controller 110 which includes a light source thereon. The image capturing device 114 monitors a field of view 116 through which light from the light source of the controller 110 is detected. The light source associated with controller 110 is within plane 117, which corresponds to digitized screen 120. Here, an image of the light source associated with controller 110 is illustrated by region 122 of screen 120. It should be appreciated that the resolution of screen 120 may be associated with any suitable resolution typical of a web cam or other suitable camera. In one embodiment, screen 120 is defined by a screen size of 320×240. Thus, as user 108 moves the controller 110, the associated movement is captured through image capture device 114 to determine a location of the light source within the screen 120. It should be appreciated that the screen size and the imaging device size are decoupled. However, the screen and image device size are mapped in order to determine corresponding positions between the two. In one embodiment, the image device is mapped to a region of the screen. Here, most of the screen is used for displaying a scene, game image, etc., and there is a relatively small input palette in a corner or some other suitable region of the screen.

FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram illustrating the determination of the location of a light source and the subsequent translation of that location to control movement of a corresponding cursor on a display screen in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. Here, screen 120 defines an image of a light source as region 122. Region 122 includes portions of pixel P_(a), P_(b), P_(c), P_(d), P_(e), and P_(f). The remainder of each of the pixels in the screen 120, i.e., all pixels except pixels P_(a)-P_(f), is black. In one embodiment, ensuring that the remainder of the pixels is black is achieved through a masking operation. The masking operation includes reducing the size of an aperture of the image capture device 114 in order to minimize an amount of light allowed into the image capture device. In one embodiment, the aperture size may be adjusted electronically by adjusting the sensor game and exposure time. This scheme enhances the ability to detect a light source while reducing interference effects associated with background lighting. It should be appreciated that since the characteristics of the light input device and the image capture device are known, then the image capture device parameters (white balance, gain, exposure, saturation, etc.) may be set explicitly to track a particular pre-determined pixel value, i.e., no calibration is required. As the input device is a light, the room lighting is not a factor here. Thus, an active method for detecting a light change is provided.

Still referring to FIG. 1C, a center 124 of region 122 is calculated through a centroid calculation in which the center's of each of pixels P_(a)-P_(f) are calculated and then weighted according to the associated pixel value in order to determine the coordinates of center 124. The coordinates of center 124 are then mapped to display screen 128, which corresponds to the display screen being viewed by the user. Thus, movement of the light source will cause movement of region 122 on grid 120, which may also be referred to as a screen associated with the image capture device. The corresponding movement of region 122 will be associated with the calculation of a new center. The new center will then be mapped to a location on screen 128 in order to move cursor 130 on screen 128 so that the user is given a feeling of control, over the movement of cursor 130 through the LED input device. As will be explained in more detail below, the input device may have a button or some other suitable activation device which when pressed will cause the respective LED to change to a different color from a previous color. This different color is then captured by the image capture device 114. The detection of the different color results in different pixel values being associated with the change in color. For example, the pixels corresponding to region 122 will be associated with different values by the color change. The different pixel values will then signal the mode change similar to a mode change signal associated with a mouse click. Thus, a user may click and drag, highlight, etc., images on the display screen. That is, the user may perform any functionality achieved through a mouse associated with a computer.

In one embodiment, the centroid calculation is performed as described hereafter. The pixels not associated with pixels P_(a)-P_(f), are assigned a value of 0 as no light is detected, i.e., the pixels are black. It should be appreciated that the masking technique described above may be used to ensure that the image capture device can lock in on a light emanating from an input device by reducing interference from background lighting. Each of pixels P_(a)-P_(f) are assigned a value corresponding to the amount of area of the pixel intersecting with region 122. In one embodiment, where pixel values are assigned from 0-255, 0 corresponding to no light, pixel P_(e) is assigned the highest value while pixel P_(f) is assigned the lowest value. For purposes of example, the pixel values of pixels P_(a), P_(b), P_(c), P_(d), P_(e), and P_(f)are 121, 230, 80, 123, 240, and 10, respectively. Each of pixels P_(a)-P_(f) is associated with a respective pixel center point. Each of the two dimensional coordinates of each of the pixel centers is multiplied by the value of the respective pixel. These weighted values for one of the two dimensional coordinates are then summed together. In one embodiment, the summation of the weighted values for each coordinate is then divided by the summation of the pixel values associated with region 122 in order to provide the coordinates for the center of region 124. This technique may be described mathematically as: (x,y)_(center)=Σ[[x_(pixel center)] [value of pixel for x_(pixel center)]]/Σ(pixel values) and Σ[[y_(pixel center] [value of pixel for y) _(pixel center)]]/Σ(pixel values)

Here, (x,y)_(center) represent the two coordinates of center 124, xpixel center represents the x coordinate for each of pixels P_(a)-P_(f), and y_(pixel center) represents the y coordinate for each of pixels P_(a)-P_(f). Thus, center 124 corresponds to a certain location of the image of the capture device. This position corresponds to a location on screen 128. With reference to video frames, (x,y)_(center) may be calculated for each frame of the video and the location of (x,y)_(center) is used to set a position of cursor 130 on screen 128. In one embodiment, a resolution associated with grid 120 is less than the resolution associated with screen 128, thereby enabling smooth movement of cursor 130 across screen 128. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that a non-weighted centroid may also be determined, especially if the background is not known, e.g., the background is not all black. Here, the location of the centroid may not be as accurate as when the background is known, however, the accuracy is still suitable for the embodiments described herein. In one embodiment, the non-weighted centroid is calculated when the user is in a dark room or with an infrared LED and camera. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that while FIGS. 1B, and 1C refer to a cursor, the embodiments are not limited to use with a cursor. In essence any suitable indicator that provides feedback on the second location of the input device may be used. For example, effects like distortion, brightening, darkening, telescope windowing, etc. may be employed to provide feedback on the second location of the input device.

FIG. 1D is a schematic diagram illustrating a scheme for enhancing a tracking and translation methodology in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. It should be appreciated that where a light source is captured through image capture device 104 and subsequently located within screen 120, the corresponding region associated with the light source is contained within one pixel. Thus, the subsequent translation to a cursor may cause the cursor movement to appear jumpy, due to the quantization effect of the discrete sampling of the image capture device. In order to alleviate the jumpiness, image capture device may be defocused to blossom or expand the region associated with the light source. For example, region 132 represents an initial capture of a corresponding light source. As can be seen, region 132 is contained within one block of grid 120, which represents a single pixel. In order to expand or blossom region 132 the image capture device is defocused where regions 134 and 136 represent different defocusing parameters. Thereafter, the centroid of the expanded region may be calculated as discussed above. In one embodiment, a diffuser is placed over the LED to defocus the light source. For example, the diffuser may be a piece of tape that causes the light to diffuse.

As shown in FIG. 2, the controller 110 may optionally be equipped with multiple light sources such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) 202, 204, 206, 208 to facilitate tracking by video analysis. These may be mounted to a body of the controller 110. As used herein, the term “body” meant to describe the part of the game controller 110 that one would hold by hand (or wear if it were a wearable game controller).

Analysis of such video images for the purpose of tracking the controller 110 are described, e.g., in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,034, entitled “SCHEME FOR DETECTING AND TRACKING USER MANIPULATION OF A GAME CONTROLLER BODY” to inventors Gary Zalewski, which is incorporated herein by reference. The console 110 may include an acoustic transducer, such as a microphone array 118. The controller 110 may also include an acoustic signal generator 210 (e.g., a speaker) to provide a source of sound to facilitate acoustic tracking of the controller 110 with the microphone array 118 and appropriate acoustic signal processing, e.g., as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,724, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In general, signals from the inertial sensor 112 are used to generate position and orientation data for the controller 110. Such data may be used to calculate many physical aspects of the movement of the controller 110, such as for example its acceleration and velocity along any axis, its tilt, pitch, yaw, roll, as well as any telemetry points of the controller 110. As used herein, telemetry generally refers to remote measurement and reporting of information of interest to a system or to the system's designer or operator.

The ability to detect and track the movements of the controller 110 makes it possible to determine whether any predefined movements of the controller 110 are performed. That is, certain movement patterns or gestures of the controller 110 may be predefined and used as input commands for the game or other simulation. For example, a plunging downward gesture of the controller 110 may be defined as one command, a twisting gesture of the controller 110 may be defined as another command, a shaking gesture of the controller 110 may be defined as another command, and so on. In this way the manner in which the user 108 physically moves the controller 110 is used as another input for controlling the game, which provides a more stimulating and entertaining experience for the user.

By way of example and without limitation, the inertial sensor 112 may be an accelerometer. FIG. 3 depicts an example of an accelerometer 300 in the form of a simple mass 302 elastically coupled at four points to a frame 304, e.g., by springs 306, 308, 310, 312. Pitch and roll axes (indicated by X and Y, respectively) lie in a plane that intersects the frame. A yaw axis Z is oriented perpendicular to the plane containing the pitch axis X and the roll axis Y. The frame 304 may be mounted to the controller 110 in any suitable fashion. As the frame 304 (and the game controller 110) accelerates and/or rotates the mass 302 may displace relative to the frame 304 and the springs 306, 208, 310, 312 may elongate or compress in a way that depends on the amount and direction of translational and/or rotational acceleration and/or the angle of pitch and/or roll and/or yaw. The displacement and of the mass 302 and/or compression or elongation of the springs 306, 308, 310, 312 may be sensed, e.g., with appropriate sensors 314, 316, 318, 320 and converted to signals that depend in known or determinable way on the amount acceleration of pitch and/or roll.

There are a number of different ways to track the position of the mass and/or or the forces exerted on it, including resistive strain gauge material, photonic sensors, magnetic sensors, hall-effect devices, piezoelectric devices, capacitive sensors, and the like. Embodiments of the invention may include any number and type or combination of types of sensors. By way of example, and without limitation, the sensors 314, 316, 318, 320 may be gap closing electrodes placed above the mass 302. A capacitance between the mass and each electrode changes as the position of the mass changes relative to each electrode. Each electrode may be connected to a circuit that produce a signal related to the capacitance (and therefore to the proximity) of the mass 302 relative to the electrode. In addition, the springs 306, 308, 310, 312 may include resistive strain gauge sensors that produce signals that are related to the compression or elongation of the springs.

In some embodiments, the frame 304 may be gimbal-mounted to the controller 110 so that the accelerometer 300 maintains a fixed orientation with respect to the pitch and/or roll and/or yaw axes. In such a manner, the controller axes X, Y, Z may be directly mapped to corresponding axes in real space without having to take into account a tilting of the controller axes with respect to the real space coordinate axes.

As discussed above, data from inertial, image capture and acoustic sources may be analyzed to generate a path that tracks the position and/or orientation of the controller 110. As shown in the block diagram of FIG. 4 a system 400 according to an embodiment of the invention may include an inertial analyzer 402, an image analyzer 404 and an acoustic analyzer 406. Each of these analyzers receives signals from a sensed environment 401. The analyzers 402, 406, 408 may be implemented in hardware, in software (or firmware) or some combination of two or more of these. Each of the analyzers produces tracking information related the position and/or orientation of an object of interest. By way of example, the object of interest may be the controller 110 referred to above. The image analyzer 404 may operate in connection with and to form fields below and with respect to methods described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,034 (SCEA05082US00)). The inertial analyzer 402 may operate in connection with and to form fields below and with respect to methods described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,033, entitled “SYSTEM, METHOD, AND APPARATUS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL INPUT CONTROL” . The acoustic analyzer 406 may operate in connection with and to form fields below and with respect to methods described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,724.

The analyzers 402, 404 and 406 may be regarded as being associated with different channels of inputs of position and/or orientation information. The Mixer 408 may accept multiple input channels and such channels may contain sample data characterizing the sensed environment 401, typically from the perspective of the channel. The position and/or orientation information generated by the inertial analyzer 402, image analyzer 404 and acoustic analyzer 406 can be coupled into the input of a mixer 408. The Mixer 408 and analyzers 402, 404, 406 may be queried by a game software 410 and may be configured to interrupt game software in response to events. Events may include gesture recognition events, gearing changes, configuration changes, setting noise levels, setting sampling rate, changing mapping chains, etc, examples of which are discussed below. The mixer 408 may operate in connection with and to form fields below and with respect to methods described herein.

As discussed above, signals from different input channels, e.g., inertial sensors, video images and/or acoustic sensors may be analyzed by the inertial analyzer 402, image analyzer 404 and acoustic analyzer 406, respectively, to determine the motion and/or orientation of the controller 110 during play of a video game according to an inventive method. Such a method may be implemented as a series of processor executable program code instructions stored in a processor readable medium and executed on a digital processor. For example, as depicted in FIG. 5A, the video game system 100 may include on the console 102 having the inertial analyzer 402, image analyzer 404 and acoustic analyzer 406 implemented either in hardware or software. By way of example, the analyzers 402, 404, 406 may be implemented as software instructions running on a suitable processor unit 502. By way of example, the processor unit 502 may be a digital processor, e.g., a microprocessor of a type commonly used in video game consoles. A portion of the instructions may be stored in a memory 506. Alternatively, the inertial analyzer 402, image analyzer 404 and acoustic analyzer 406 may be implemented in hardware, e.g., as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Such analyzer hardware may be located on the controller 110 or on the console 102 or may be remotely located elsewhere. In hardware implementations, the analyzers 402, 404, 406 may be programmable in response to external signals e.g., from the processor 502 or some other remotely located source, e.g., connected by USB cable, wireless connection, or over a network.

The inertial analyzer 402 may include or implement instructions that analyze the signals generated by the inertial sensor 112 and utilize information regarding position and/or orientation of the controller 110. Similarly, the image analyzer 404 may implement instructions that analyze images captured by the image capture unit 114. In addition, the acoustic analyzer may implement instructions that analyze images captured by the microphone array 118. As shown in the flow diagram 510 of FIG. 5B these signals and/or images may be received by the analyzers 402, 404, 406 as indicated at block 512. The signals and/or images may be analyzed by the analyzers 402, 404, 406 to determine inertial tracking information 403, image tracking information 405 and acoustic tracking information 407 regarding the position and/or orientation of the controller 110 as indicated at block 514. The tracking information 403, 405, 407 may be related to one or more degrees of freedom. It is preferred that six degrees of freedom are tracked to characterize the manipulation of the controller 110 or other tracked object. Such degrees of freedom may relate to the controller tilt, yaw, roll and position, velocity or acceleration along the x, y and z-axis.

As indicated at block 516, the mixer 408 mixes the inertial information 403, image information 405 and acoustic information 407 to generate refined position and/or orientation information 409. By way of example, the mixer 408 may apply different weights the inertial, image and acoustic tracking information 403, 405, 407 based on game or environmental conditions and the take a weighted average. In addition, the mixer 408 may include its own mixer analyzer 412 that analyzes the combined position/orientation information and generates its own resulting “mixer” information that involves combinations of the information generated by the other analyzers.

In an embodiment of the present invention the mixer 408 may assign a distribution value to the tracking information 403, 405, 407 from the analyzers 402, 404, 406. As noted above, certain sets of input control data may be averaged. In the present embodiment, however, the input control data is assigned a value prior to its being averaged whereby the input control data from some analyzers is of more analytical importance than from others.

The mixer 408 may take on a number of functionalities in the context of the present system including observation, correction, stabilization, derivation, combination, routing, mixing, reporting, buffering, interrupting other processes and analysis. Such may be performed with respect to the tracking information 403, 405, 407 received from one or more of the analyzers 402, 404, 406. While each of the analyzers 402, 404, 406 may receive and/or derive certain tracking information, the mixer 408 may be implemented to optimize the use of the received tracking information 403, 405, 407 and generate refined tracking information 409.

The analyzers 402, 404, 406 and mixer 408 are preferably configured to provide tracking information similar output formats. Tracking information parameters from any analyzer element 402, 404, 406 can be mapped to a single parameter in an analyzer. Alternatively, the mixer 408 may form tracking information for any of the analyzers 402, 404, 406 by processing one or more tracking information parameters from one or more of analyzers 402, 404, 406. The mixer may combine two or more elements of tracking information of the same parameter type taken from the analyzers 402, 404, 406 and/or perform functions across multiple parameters of tracking information generated by the analyzers to create a synthetic set of output having the benefit of being generated from multiple channels of input.

The refined tracking information 409 may be utilized during play of a video game with the system 100 as indicated at block 518. In certain embodiments, the position and/or orientation information may be used in relation to gestures made by the user 108 during game play. In some embodiments the mixer 408 may operate in conjunction with the gesture recognizer 505 to associate at least one action in a game environment with one or more user actions from the user (e.g., manipulation of the controller in space).

As indicated in the flow diagram 520 of FIG. 5C, a path of the controller 110 may be tracked using the position and/or orientation information as indicated at block 522. By way of example, and without limitation, the path may include a set of points representing a position of the center of mass of the controller with respect to some system of coordinates. Each position point may be represented by one or more coordinates, e.g., X, Y and Z coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system. A time may be associated with each point on the path so that both the shape of the path and the progress of the controller along the path may be monitored. In addition, each point in the set may have associated with it data representing an orientation of the controller, e.g., one or more angles of rotation of the controller about its center of mass. Furthermore, each point on the path may have associated with it values of velocity and acceleration of the center of mass of the controller and rates of angular rotation and angular acceleration of the controller about its center of mass.

As indicated at block 524, the tracked path may be compared to one or more stored paths corresponding to known and/or pre-recorded gestures 508 that are relevant to the context of the video game being played. Recognizer 505 may be configured to recognize a user or process audio authenticated gestures, etc. For example, a user may be identified by the recognizer 505 through a gesture and that a gesture may be specific to a user. Such a specific gestures may be recorded and included among the pre-recorded gestures 508 stored in memory 506. The recordation process may optionally store audio generated during recordation of a gesture. The sensed environment is sampled into a multi-channel analyzer and processed. The processor may reference gesture models to determine and authenticate and/or identify a user or objects based on voice or acoustic patterns and to a high degree of accuracy and performance.

As indicated in FIG. 5A, data 508 representing the gestures may be stored in the memory 506. Examples of gestures include, but are not limited to throwing an object such as a ball, swinging an object such as a bat or golf club, pumping hand pump, opening or closing a door or window, turning steering wheel or other vehicle control, martial arts moves such as punches, sanding movements, wax on wax off, paint the house, shakes, rattles, rolls, football pitches, turning knob movements, 3D MOUSE movements, scrolling movements, movements with known profiles, any recordable movement, movements along any vector back and forth i.e. pump the tire but at some arbitrary orientation in space, movements along a path, movements having precise stop and start times, any time based user manipulation that can be recorded, tracked and repeated within the noise floor, splines, and the like. Each of these gestures may be pre-recorded from path data and stored as a time-based model. Comparison of the path and stored gestures may start with an assumption of a steady state if the path deviates from a steady state the path can be compared to the stored gestures by a process of elimination. If at block 526 there is no match, the analyzer 504 may continue tracking the path of the controller 110 at block 522. If there is a sufficient match between the path (or a portion thereof) and a stored gesture the state of the game may be changed as indicated at 528. Changes of state of the game may include, but are not limited to interrupts, sending control signals, changing variables, etc.

Here is one example of this can occur. Upon determining that the controller 110 has left a steady state the path an analyzer 402, 404, 406, or 412 tracks movement of the controller 110. As long as the path of the controller 110 complies with a path defined in the stored gesture models 508, those gestures are possible “hits”. If the path of the controller 110 deviates (within the noise tolerance setting) from any gesture model 508, that gesture model is removed from the hit list. Each gesture reference model includes a time-base in which the gesture is recorded. The analyzer 402, 404, 406, or 412 compares the controller path data to the stored gestures 508 at the appropriate time index. Occurrence of a steady state condition resets the clock. When deviating from steady state (i.e. when movements are tracked outside of the noise threshold) the hit list is populated with all potential gesture models. The clock is started and movements of the controller are compared against the hit list. Again, the comparison is a walk through time. If any gesture in the hit list reaches the end of the gesture then it is a hit.

In certain embodiments, the mixer 408 and/or individual analyzers 402, 404, 406, 412 may inform a game program when certain events occur. Examples of such events include the following:

INTERRUPT ZERO-ACCELERATION POINT REACHED (X AND/OR Y AN/OR Z AXIS) In certain game situations the analyzer 504 may notify or interrupt routine within the game program when acceleration of the controller changes at the inflection points. For example, the user 108 may use the controller 110 to control a game avatar representing a quarterback in a football simulation game. The analyzer 504 may track the controller (representing the football) via a path generated from signals from the inertial sensor 112. A particular change in acceleration of the controller 110 may signal release of the football. At this point, the analyzer may trigger another routine within the program (e.g., a physics simulation package) to simulate the trajectory of the football based on the position, and/or velocity and/or orientation of the controller at the point of release.

INTERRUPT NEW GESTURE RECOGNIZED

In addition, the analyzer 502 may be configured by one or more inputs. Examples of such inputs include, but are not limited to:

SET NOISE LEVEL (X,Y or Z AXIS) The noise level may be a reference tolerance used when analyzing jitter of the user's hands in the game.

SET SAMPLING RATE. As used herein, the sampling rate may refer to how often the analyzer 502 samples the signals from the inertial sensor. The sampling rate may be set to oversample or average the signal.

SET GEARING. As used herein gearing generally refers to the ratio of controller movements to movements occurring within the game. Examples of such “gearing” in the context of control of a video game may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,040 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,391,409), filed May 07, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference.

SET MAPPING CHAIN. As used herein, a mapping chain refers to a map of gesture models. The gesture model maps can be made for a specific input Channel (e.g., for path data generated from inertial sensor signals only) or for a hybrid Channel formed in a mixer unit. Three input Channels may be served by two or more different Analyzers that are similar to the inertial analyzer 504. Specifically, these may include: the inertial analyzer 504 as described herein, a video analyzer as described e.g., in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/382,034, to inventors Gary Zalewski, entitled SCHEME FOR DETECTING AND TRACKING USER MANIPULATION OF A GAME CONTROLLER BODY, which is incorporated herein by reference, and an Acoustic Analyzer, e.g., as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,721, which is incorporated herein by reference. The Analyzers can be configured with a mapping chain. Mapping chains can be swapped out by the game during gameplay as can settings to the Analyzer and to the Mixer.

Referring to again to FIG. 5A, block 502, those of skill in the art will recognize that there are numerous ways to generate signals from the inertial sensor 112. A few examples, among others have been described above with respect to FIGS. 3A-3E. Referring to block 504, there are numerous ways to analyze the sensor signals generated in block 502 to obtain information relating to the position and/or orientation of the controller 110. By way of example and without limitation the tracking information may include, but is not limited to information regarding the following parameters individually or in any combination:

CONTROLLER ORIENTATION. Orientation of the controller 110 may be expressed in terms of pitch, roll or yaw angle with respect to some reference orientation, e.g., in radians). Rates of change of controller orientation (e.g., angular velocities or angular accelerations) may also be included in the position and/or orientation information. Where the inertial sensor 112 includes a gyroscopic sensor controller orientation information may be obtained directly in the form of one or more output values that are proportional to angles of pitch, roll or yaw.

CONTROLLER POSITION (e.g., Cartesian coordinates X,Y,Z of the controller 110 in some frame of reference)

-   CONTROLLER X-AXIS VELOCITY -   CONTROLLER Y-AXIS VELOCITY -   CONTROLLER Z-AXIS VELOCITY -   CONTROLLER X-AXIS ACCELERATION -   CONTROLLER Y-AXIS ACCELERATION -   CONTROLLER Z-AXIS ACCELERATION

It is noted that with respect to position, velocity and acceleration the position and/or orientation information may be expressed in terms of coordinate systems other than Cartesian. For example, cylindrical or spherical coordinates may be used for position, velocity and acceleration. Acceleration information with respect to the X, Y and Z axes may be obtained directly from an accelerometer type sensor, e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS. 3A-3E. The X, Y and Z accelerations may be integrated with respect to time from some initial instant to determine changes in X, Y and Z velocities. These velocities may be computed by adding the velocity changes to known values of the X-, Y-, and Z-velocities at the initial instant in time. The X, Y and Z velocities may be integrated with respect to time to determine X-, Y-, and Z-displacements of the controller. The X-, Y-, and Z-positions may be determined by adding the displacements to known X-, Y-, and Z-, positions at the initial instant.

STEADY STATE Y/N—This particular information indicates whether the controller is in a steady state, which may be defined as any position, which may be subject to change too. In a preferred embodiment the steady state position may be one wherein the controller is held in a more or less level orientation at a height roughly even with a user's waist.

TIME SINCE LAST STEADY STATE generally refers to data related to how long a period of time has passed since a steady state (as referenced above) was last detected. That determination of time may, as previously noted, be calculated in real-time, processor cycles, or sampling periods. The Time Since Last Steady State data time may be important with regard to resetting tracking of a controller with regard to an initial point to ensure accuracy of character or object mapping in a game environment. This data may also be important with regard to determining available actions/gestures that might be subsequently executed in a game environment (both exclusively and inclusively).

LAST GESTURE RECOGNIZED generally refers to the last gesture recognized either by the gesture recognizer 505 (which may be implemented in hardware or software. The identification of a last gesture recognized may be important with respect to the fact that a previous gesture may be related to the possible gestures that may be subsequently recognized or some other action that takes place in the game environment.

TIME LAST GESTURE RECOGNIZED

The above outputs can be sampled at any time by a game program or software.

In an embodiment of the present invention the mixer 408 may assign a distribution value to the tracking information 403, 405, 407 from the analyzers 402, 404, 406. As noted above, certain sets of input control data may be averaged. In the present embodiment, however, the input control data is assigned a value prior to its being averaged whereby the input control data from some analyzers is of more analytical importance than from others.

For example, the mixer 408 may require tracking information related to acceleration and steady state. The mixer 408 would then receive the tracking information 403, 405, 407 as described above. The tracking information may include parameters relating to acceleration and steady state, e.g., as described above. Prior to averaging the data representing this information, the mixer 408 may assign distribution values to tracking information data set 403, 405, 407. For example, the x- and y- acceleration parameters from the inertial analyzer 402 may be weighted at a value of 90%. The x- and y- acceleration data from the image analyzer 406, however, may be weighted at only 10%. The acoustic analyzer tracking information 407 as it pertains to acceleration parameters may be weighted at zero percent, that is, the data has no value.

Similarly, the Z-axis tracking information parameters from the inertial analyzer 402 may be weighted at 10% whereas the image analyzer Z-axis tracking information may be weighted at 90%. The acoustic analyzer tracking information 407 may, again, be weighted at 0% value but steady state tracking information from the acoustic analyzer 406 may be weighted at 100% with the remaining analyzer tracking information be weighted at 0%.

After the appropriate distribution weight has been assigned, the input control data may be averaged in conjunction with that weight to arrive at a weighted average input control data set that is subsequently analyzed by the gesture recognizer 505 and associated with a particular action in the game environment. The values associated may be pre-defined by the mixer 408 or by a particular game title. The values may also be the result of the mixer 408 identifying a particular quality of data coming from the various analyzers and thus making a dynamic adjustment as is further discussed below. The adjustment may also be the result of building a historical knowledge base of when particular data is of particular value in a particular environment and/or in response to the particularities of a given game title.

The mixer 408 may be configured to operate dynamically during game play. For example, as the mixer 408 receives various input control data, it may recognize that certain data is consistently outside an acceptable range or quality of data or reflects corrupt data that may be indicative of a processing error at the related input device.

Additionally, certain conditions in a real-world environment might change. For example, natural light in the user's at-home game environment might be increasing as the morning turns to afternoon causing problems with image data capture. Further, a neighborhood or household might become noisier as the day goes on causing problems with audio data capture. Likewise, if a user has been playing for several hours, their reflexes may become less sharp thus causing problems with interpretation of inertial data.

In these instances, or in any other instance wherein the quality of a particular form of input control data is in question, the mixer 408 may dynamically reassign distribution weight to a particular set of data coming from a particular device such that more or less importance is given to particular input control data as described above. Similarly, the game environment may change over the course of the game wherein the needs of a particular game change thus requiring a reassignment of value or need for particular input control data.

Similarly, the mixer 408 may recognize that certain data being passed on to the gesture recognizer 505 is being processed incorrectly, slowly, or not at all based on processing errors or feedback data that may be generated by the gesture recognizer 505. In response to this feedback or in recognition of these processing difficulties (e.g., while the image analysis data is within an acceptable range, errors result when an association is made by the gesture recognizer 505), the mixer 408 may adjust what input control data it seeks from what analyzer and when, if at all. The mixer 408 may further require certain analysis and processing of input control data by the proper analyzer before it is passed to the mixer 408, which may re-process the data (e.g., average the data) such that a further layer of assurance is made that the data passed to the gesture recognizer 505 will be processed effectively and appropriately.

In some embodiments, the mixer 408 may recognize that certain data is corrupt, ineffective, or outside a particular variable and may call upon particular input control data or variable related to that data such that it may replace incorrect data or properly analyze and calculate certain data with respect to the necessary variables.

According to embodiments of the present invention, a video game system and method of the type described above may be implemented as depicted in FIG. 6. A video game system 600 may include a processor 601 and a memory 602 (e.g., RAM, DRAM, ROM, and the like). In addition, the video game system 600 may have multiple processors 601 if parallel processing is to be implemented. The memory 602 includes data and game program code 604, which may include portions that are configured as described above. Specifically, the memory 602 may include inertial signal data 606 which may include stored controller path information as described above. The memory 602 may also contain stored gesture data 608, e.g., data representing one or more gestures relevant to the game program 604. Coded instructions executed on the processor 602 may implement a multi-input mixer 605, which may be configured and function as described above.

The system 600 may also include well-known support functions 610, such as input/output (I/O) elements 611, power supplies (P/S) 612, a clock (CLK) 613 and cache 614. The apparatus 600 may optionally include a mass storage device 615 such as a disk drive, CD-ROM drive, tape drive, or the like to store programs and/or data. The controller may also optionally include a display unit 616 and user interface unit 618 to facilitate interaction between the controller 600 and a user. The display unit 616 may be in the form of a cathode ray tube (CRT) or flat panel screen that displays text, numerals, graphical symbols or images. The user interface 618 may include a keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen or other device. In addition, the user interface 618 may include a microphone, video camera or other signal transducing device to provide for direct capture of a signal to be analyzed. The processor 601, memory 602 and other components of the system 600 may exchange signals (e.g., code instructions and data) with each other via a system bus 620 as shown in FIG. 6.

A microphone array 622 may be coupled to the system 600 through the I/O functions 611. The microphone array may include between about 2 and about 8 microphones, preferably about 4 microphones with neighboring microphones separated by a distance of less than about 4 centimeters, preferably between about 1 centimeter and about 2 centimeters. Preferably, the microphones in the array 622 are omni-directional microphones. An optional image capture unit 623 (e.g., a digital camera) may be coupled to the apparatus 600 through the I/O functions 611. One or more pointing actuators 625 that are mechanically coupled to the camera may exchange signals with the processor 601 via the I/O functions 611.

As used herein, the term I/O generally refers to any program, operation or device that transfers data to or from the system 600 and to or from a peripheral device. Every data transfer may be regarded as an output from one device and an input into another. Peripheral devices include input-only devices, such as keyboards and mouses, output-only devices, such as printers as well as devices such as a writable CD-ROM that can act as both an input and an output device. The term “peripheral device” includes external devices, such as a mouse, keyboard, printer, monitor, microphone, game controller, camera, external Zip drive or scanner as well as internal devices, such as a CD-ROM drive, CD-R drive or internal modem or other peripheral such as a flash memory reader/writer, hard drive.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the apparatus 600 may be a video game unit, which may include a controller 630 coupled to the processor via the I/O functions 611 either through wires (e.g., a USB cable) or wirelessly. The controller 630 may have analog joystick controls 631 and conventional buttons 633 that provide control signals commonly used during playing of video games. Such video games may be implemented as processor readable data and/or instructions from the program 604 which may be stored in the memory 602 or other processor readable medium such as one associated with the mass storage device 615. In some embodiments, the mixer 605 may receive inputs from the analog joystick controls 631 and the buttons 633.

The joystick controls 631 may generally be configured so that moving a control stick left or right signals movement along the X axis, and moving it forward (up) or back (down) signals movement along the Y axis. In joysticks that are configured for three-dimensional movement, twisting the stick left (counter-clockwise) or right (clockwise) may signal movement along the Z axis. These three axis—X Y and Z—are often referred to as roll, pitch, and yaw, respectively, particularly in relation to an aircraft.

The game controller 630 may include a communications interface operable to conduct digital communications with at least one of the processor 602, a game controller 630 or both. The communications interface may include a universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (“UART”). The UART may be operable to receive a control signal for controlling an operation of a tracking device, or for transmitting a signal from the tracking device for communication with another device. Alternatively, the communications interface includes a universal serial bus (“USB”) controller. The USB controller may be operable to receive a control signal for controlling an operation of the tracking device, or for transmitting a signal from the tracking device for communication with another device.

In addition, the controller 630 may include one or more inertial sensors 632, which may provide position and/or orientation information to the processor 601 via an inertial signal. Orientation information may include angular information such as a tilt, roll or yaw of the controller 630. By way of example, the inertial sensors 632 may include any number and/or combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes or tilt sensors. In a preferred embodiment, the inertial sensors 632 include tilt sensors adapted to sense orientation of the game controller 632 with respect to tilt and roll axes, a first accelerometer adapted to sense acceleration along a yaw axis and a second accelerometer adapted to sense angular acceleration with respect to the yaw axis. An accelerometer may be implemented, e.g., as a MEMS device including a mass mounted by one or more springs with sensors for sensing displacement of the mass relative to one or more directions. Signals from the sensors that are dependent on the displacement of the mass may be used to determine an acceleration of the game controller 630. Such techniques may be implemented by instructions from the game program 604 which may be stored in the memory 602 and executed by the processor 601.

By way of example an accelerometer suitable as the inertial sensor 632 may be a simple mass elastically coupled at three or four points to a frame, e.g., by springs. Pitch and roll axes lie in a plane that intersects the frame, which is mounted to the game controller 630. As the frame (and the game controller 630) rotates about pitch and roll axes the mass will displace under the influence of gravity and the springs will elongate or compress in a way that depends on the angle of pitch and/or roll. The displacement and of the mass can be sensed and converted to a signal that is dependent on the amount of pitch and/or roll. Angular acceleration about the yaw axis or linear acceleration along the yaw axis may also produce characteristic patterns of compression and/or elongation of the springs or motion of the mass that can be sensed and converted to signals that are dependent on the amount of angular or linear acceleration. Such an accelerometer device can measure tilt, roll angular acceleration about the yaw axis and linear acceleration along the yaw axis by tracking movement of the mass or compression and expansion forces of the springs. There are a number of different ways to track the position of the mass and/or or the forces exerted on it, including resistive strain gauge material, photonic sensors, magnetic sensors, hall-effect devices, piezoelectric devices, capacitive sensors, and the like.

In addition, the game controller 630 may include one or more light sources 634, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs). The light sources 634 may be used to distinguish one controller from the other. For example one or more LEDs can accomplish this by flashing or holding an LED pattern code. By way of example, 5 LEDs can be provided on the game controller 630 in a linear or two-dimensional pattern. Although a linear array of LEDs is preferred, the LEDs may alternatively, be arranged in a rectangular pattern or an arcuate pattern to facilitate determination of an image plane of the LED array when analyzing an image of the LED pattern obtained by the image capture unit 623. Furthermore, the LED pattern codes may also be used to determine the positioning of the game controller 630 during game play. For instance, the LEDs can assist in identifying tilt, yaw and roll of the controllers. This detection pattern can assist in providing a better user/feel in games, such as aircraft flying games, etc. The image capture unit 623 may capture images containing the game controller 630 and light sources 634. Analysis of such images can determine the location and/or orientation of the game controller. Such analysis may be implemented by program code instructions 604 stored in the memory 602 and executed by the processor 601. To facilitate capture of images of the light sources 634 by the image capture unit 623, the light sources 634 may be placed on two or more different sides of the game controller 630, e.g., on the front and on the back (as shown in phantom). Such placement allows the image capture unit 623 to obtain images of the light sources 634 for different orientations of the game controller 630 depending on how the game controller 630 is held by a user.

In addition the light sources 634 may provide telemetry signals to the processor 601, e.g., in pulse code, amplitude modulation or frequency modulation format. Such telemetry signals may indicate which joystick buttons are being pressed and/or how hard such buttons are being pressed. Telemetry signals may be encoded into the optical signal, e.g., by pulse coding, pulse width modulation, frequency modulation or light intensity (amplitude) modulation. The processor 601 may decode the telemetry signal from the optical signal and execute a game command in response to the decoded telemetry signal. Telemetry signals may be decoded from analysis of images of the game controller 630 obtained by the image capture unit 623. Alternatively, the apparatus 601 may include a separate optical sensor dedicated to receiving telemetry signals from the lights sources 634. The use of LEDs in conjunction with determining an intensity amount in interfacing with a computer program is described, e.g., in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/429,414 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,627,139), to Richard L. Marks et al., entitled “USE OF COMPUTER IMAGE AND AUDIO PROCESSING IN DETERMINING AN INTENSITY AMOUNT WHEN INTERFACING WITH A COMPUTER PROGRAM” filed May 4, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In addition, analysis of images containing the light sources 634 may be used for both telemetry and determining the position and/or orientation of the game controller 630. Such techniques may be implemented by instructions of the program 604 which may be stored in the memory 602 and executed by the processor 601.

The processor 601 may use the inertial signals from the inertial sensor 632 in conjunction with optical signals from light sources 634 detected by the image capture unit 623 and/or sound source location and characterization information from acoustic signals detected by the microphone array 622 to deduce information on the location and/or orientation of the controller 630 and/or its user. For example, “acoustic radar” sound source location and characterization may be used in conjunction with the microphone array 622 to track a moving voice while motion of the game controller is independently tracked (through the inertial sensor 632 and or light sources 634). In acoustic radar select a pre-calibrated listening zone is selected at runtime and sounds originating from sources outside the pre-calibrated listening zone are filtered out. The pre-calibrated listening zones may include a listening zone that corresponds to a volume of focus or field of view of the image capture unit 623. Examples of acoustic radar are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,724, to Xiadong Mao entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR TARGETED SOUND DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION”, filed May 4, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference. Any number of different combinations of different modes of providing control signals to the processor 601 may be used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention. Such techniques may be implemented by program code instructions 604 which may be stored in the memory 602 and executed by the processor 601 and may optionally include one or more instructions that direct the one or more processors to select a pre-calibrated listening zone at runtime and filter out sounds originating from sources outside the pre-calibrated listening zone. The pre-calibrated listening zones may include a listening zone that corresponds to a volume of focus or field of view of the image capture unit 623.

The program 604 may optionally include one or more instructions that direct the one or more processors to produce a discrete time domain input signal x_(m)(t) from microphones M₀ . . . M_(M), of the microphone array 622, determine a listening sector, and use the listening sector in a semi-blind source separation to select the finite impulse response filter coefficients to separate out different sound sources from input signal x_(m)(t). The program 604 may also include instructions to apply one or more fractional delays to selected input signals x_(m)(t) other than an input signal x₀(t) from a reference microphone M₀. Each fractional delay may be selected to optimize a signal to noise ratio of a discrete time domain output signal y(t) from the microphone array. The fractional delays may be selected to such that a signal from the reference microphone M₀ is first in time relative to signals from the other microphone(s) of the array. The program 604 may also include instructions to introduce a fractional time delay Δ into an output signal y(t) of the microphone array so that: y(t+Δ)=x(t+Δ)*b₀+x(t−1+Δ)*b₁+x(t−2+Δ)*b₂+. . . +x(t−N+Δ)b_(N), where Δ is between zero and ±1. Examples of such techniques are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,729, to Xiadong Mao, entitled “ULTRA SMALL MICROPHONE ARRAY” filed May 4, 2006, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.

The program 604 may include one or more instructions which, when executed, cause the system 600 to select a pre-calibrated listening sector that contains a source of sound. Such instructions may cause the apparatus to determine whether a source of sound lies within an initial sector or on a particular side of the initial sector. If the source of sound does not lie within the default sector, the instructions may, when executed, select a different sector on the particular side of the default sector. The different sector may be characterized by an attenuation of the input signals that is closest to an optimum value. These instructions may, when executed, calculate an attenuation of input signals from the microphone array 622 and the attenuation to an optimum value. The instructions may, when executed, cause the apparatus 600 to determine a value of an attenuation of the input signals for one or more sectors and select a sector for which the attenuation is closest to an optimum value. Examples of such a technique are described, e.g., in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,725, to Xiadong Mao, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR TARGETED SOUND DETECTION” filed May 4, 2006, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Signals from the inertial sensor 632 may provide part of a tracking information input and signals generated from the image capture unit 623 from tracking the one or more light sources 634 may provide another part of the tracking information input. By way of example, and without limitation, such “mixed mode” signals may be used in a football type video game in which a Quarterback pitches the ball to the right after a head fake head movement to the left. Specifically, a game player holding the controller 630 may turn his head to the left and make a sound while making a pitch movement swinging the controller out to the right like it was the football. The microphone array 620 in conjunction with “acoustic radar” program code can track the user's voice. The image capture unit 623 can track the motion of the user's head or track other commands that do not require sound or use of the controller. The sensor 632 may track the motion of the game controller (representing the football). The image capture unit 623 may also track the light sources 634 on the controller 630. The user may release of the “ball” upon reaching a certain amount and/or direction of acceleration of the game controller 630 or upon a key command triggered by pressing a button on the controller 630.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, an inertial signal, e.g., from an accelerometer or gyroscope may be used to determine a location of the controller 630. Specifically, an acceleration signal from an accelerometer may be integrated once with respect to time to determine a change in velocity and the velocity may be integrated with respect to time to determine a change in position. If values of the initial position and velocity at some time are known then the absolute position may be determined using these values and the changes in velocity and position. Although position determination using an inertial sensor may be made more quickly than using the image capture unit 623 and light sources 634 the inertial sensor 632 may be subject to a type of error known as “drift” in which errors that accumulate over time can lead to a discrepancy D between the position of the joystick 630 calculated from the inertial signal (shown in phantom) and the actual position of the game controller 630. Embodiments of the present invention allow a number of ways to deal with such errors.

For example, the drift may be cancelled out manually by re-setting the initial position of the controller 630 to be equal to the current calculated position. A user may use one or more of the buttons on the controller 630 to trigger a command to re-set the initial position. Alternatively, image-based drift may be implemented by re-setting the current position to a position determined from an image obtained from the image capture unit 623 as a reference. Such image-based drift compensation may be implemented manually, e.g., when the user triggers one or more of the buttons on the game controller 630. Alternatively, image-based drift compensation may be implemented automatically, e.g., at regular intervals of time or in response to game play. Such techniques may be implemented by program code instructions 604 which may be stored in the memory 602 and executed by the processor 601.

In certain embodiments it may be desirable to compensate for spurious data in the inertial sensor signal. For example the signal from the inertial sensor 632 may be oversampled and a sliding average may be computed from the oversampled signal to remove spurious data from the inertial sensor signal. In some situations it may be desirable to oversample the signal and reject a high and/or low value from some subset of data points and compute the sliding average from the remaining data points. Furthermore, other data sampling and manipulation techniques may be used to adjust the signal from the inertial sensor to remove or reduce the significance of spurious data. The choice of technique may depend on the nature of the signal, computations to be performed with the signal, the nature of game play or some combination of two or more of these. Such techniques may be implemented by instructions of the program 604 which may be stored in the memory 602 and executed by the processor 601.

The processor 601 may perform analysis of inertial signal data 606 as described above in response to the data 606 and program code instructions of a program 604 stored and retrieved by the memory 602 and executed by the processor module 601. Code portions of the program 604 may conform to any one of a number of different programming languages such as Assembly, C++, JAVA or a number of other languages. The processor module 601 forms a general-purpose computer that becomes a specific purpose computer when executing programs such as the program code 604. Although the program code 604 is described herein as being implemented in software and executed upon a general purpose computer, those skilled in the art will realize that the method of task management could alternatively be implemented using hardware such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or other hardware circuitry. As such, it should be understood that embodiments of the invention can be implemented, in whole or in part, in software, hardware or some combination of both.

In one embodiment, among others, the program code 604 may include a set of processor readable instructions that implement a method having features in common with the method 510 of FIG. 5B and the method 520 of FIG. 5C or some combination of two or more of these. The program code 604 may generally include one or more instructions that direct the one or more processors to analyze signals from the inertial sensor 632 to generate position and/or orientation information and utilize the information during play of a video game.

The program code 604 may optionally include processor executable instructions including one or more instructions which, when executed cause the image capture unit 623 to monitor a field of view in front of the image capture unit 623, identify one or more of the light sources 634 within the field of view, detect a change in light emitted from the light source(s) 634; and in response to detecting the change, triggering an input command to the processor 601. The use of LEDs in conjunction with an image capture device to trigger actions in a game controller is described e.g., in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/759,782 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,623,115) to Richard L. Marks, filed Jan. 16, 2004 and entitled: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LIGHT INPUT DEVICE, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The program code 604 may optionally include processor executable instructions including one or more instructions which, when executed, use signals from the inertial sensor and signals generated from the image capture unit from tracking the one or more light sources as inputs to a game system, e.g., as described above. The program code 604 may optionally include processor executable instructions including one or more instructions which, when executed compensate for drift in the inertial sensor 632.

In addition, the program code 604 may optionally include processor executable instructions including one or more instructions which, when executed adjust the gearing and mapping of controller manipulations to game a environment. Such a feature allows a user to change the “gearing” of manipulations of the game controller 630 to game state. For example, a 45 degree rotation of the game controller 630 may be geared to a 45 degree rotation of a game object. However this 1:1 gearing ratio may be modified so that an X degree rotation (or tilt or yaw or “manipulation”) of the controller translates to a Y rotation (or tilt or yaw or “manipulation”) of the game object. Gearing may be 1:1 ratio, 1:2 ratio, 1:X ratio or X:Y ratio, where X and Y can take on arbitrary values. Additionally, mapping of input channel to game control may also be modified over time or instantly. Modifications may comprise changing gesture trajectory models, modifying the location, scale, threshold of gestures, etc. Such mapping may be programmed, random, tiered, staggered, etc., to provide a user with a dynamic range of manipulatives. Modification of the mapping, gearing or ratios can be adjusted by the game program 604 according to game play, game state, through a user modifier button (key pad, etc.) located on the game controller 630, or broadly in response to the input channel. The input channel may include, but may not be limited to elements of user audio, audio generated by controller, tracking audio generated by the controller, controller button state, video camera output, controller telemetry data, including accelerometer data, tilt, yaw, roll, position, acceleration and any other data from sensors capable of tracking a user or the user manipulation of an object.

In certain embodiments the game program 604 may change the mapping or gearing over time from one scheme or ratio to another scheme, respectively, in a predetermined time-dependent manner. Gearing and mapping changes can be applied to a game environment in various ways. In one example, a video game character may be controlled under one gearing scheme when the character is healthy and as the character's health deteriorates the system may gear the controller commands so the user is forced to exacerbate the movements of the controller to gesture commands to the character. A video game character who becomes disoriented may force a change of mapping of the input channel as users, for example, may be required to adjust input to regain control of the character under a new mapping. Mapping schemes that modify the translation of the input channel to game commands may also change during gameplay. This translation may occur in various ways in response to game state or in response to modifier commands issued under one or more elements of the input channel. Gearing and mapping may also be configured to influence the configuration and/or processing of one or more elements of the input channel.

In addition, a sound emitter 636, e.g., a speaker, a buzzer, a horn or a pipe, may be mounted to the joystick controller 630. In certain embodiments the sound emitter may be detachably mounted to a “body” of the joystick controller 630. In “acoustic radar” embodiments wherein the program code 604 locates and characterizes sounds detected with the microphone array 622, the sound emitter 636 may provide an audio signal that can be detected by the microphone array 622 and used by the program code 604 to track the position of the game controller 630. The sound emitter 636 may also be used to provide an additional “input channel” from the game controller 630 to the processor 601. Audio signals from the sound emitter 636 may be periodically pulsed to provide a beacon for the acoustic radar to track location. The audio signals (pulsed or otherwise) may be audible or ultrasonic. The acoustic radar may track the user manipulation of the game controller 630 and where such manipulation tracking may include information about the position and orientation (e.g., pitch, roll or yaw angle) of the game controller 630. The pulses may be triggered at an appropriate duty cycle as one skilled in the art is capable of applying. Pulses may be initiated based on a control signal arbitrated from the system. The system 600 (through the program code 604) may coordinate the dispatch of control signals amongst two or more joystick controllers 630 coupled to the processor 601 to assure that multiple controllers can be tracked.

In certain embodiments, the mixer 605 may be configured to obtain input for controlling execution of the game program 604 using inputs received from conventional controls on the game controller 630, e.g., analog joystick controls 631 and buttons 633. Specifically receiving the mixer 605 may receive controller input information from the controller 630. The controller input information may include at least one of a) information for identifying a current position of a user-movable control stick of the game controller in relation to a rest position of the control stick, or b) information identifying whether a switch included in the game controller is active. The mixer 605 may further receive supplementary input information from an environment in which the controller 630 is being used. By way of example and without limitation, the supplementary input information may include one or more of i) information obtained from an image capture device in the environment (e.g., image capture unit 623); and/or ii) information from an inertial sensor associated with at least one of the game controller or a use (e.g., inertial sensor 632); and/or iii) acoustic information obtained from an acoustic transducer in the environment (e.g., from the microphone array 622, possibly in conjunction with an acoustic signal generated by the sound emitter 636).

The controller input information may also include information identifying whether a pressure-sensitive button is active. The mixer 605 may obtain a combined input for controlling the execution of the game program 604 by processing the controller input information and the supplementary input information to yield the combined input.

The combined input may include individual merged inputs for controlling respective individual functions during execution of the game program 604. At least some of the individual merged inputs may be obtained by merging the controller input information relative to a particular individual function and the supplementary input information relative to the particular individual function. The combined input may include merged input for controlling a function during execution of the game program 604, and at least some of the merged input may be obtained by merging the controller input information relative to the function and the supplementary input information relative to the function. In such cases the merging may be performed by averaging a value representative of the controller input information with a value representative of the supplementary input information. By way of example, the value of the controller input information may be averaged in a one-to-one ratio with the value of the supplementary input information. Alternatively, the controller input information and the supplementary input information may each be each assigned different weights and averaging may be performed as a weighted average of the values of controller input information and supplementary input information in accordance with the assigned weights.

In some embodiments, a value of a first one of the controller input information or the supplementary input information may be utilized as modifying input to the game program for modifying control over a still active function activated in accordance with at least one of a second one of the controller input information or the supplementary input information. The supplementary input information may include inertial sensor information obtained by operation of the inertial sensor 632 and/or orientation information representative of an orientation of a user-movable object. Alternatively, the supplementary input information includes information indicative of at least one of a position or an orientation of a user-movable object. As used here, the user-movable object may refer to the controller 632 or an article mounted to a body of the controller 632 and the supplementary input information includes information indicative of an orientation of the user-movable object. By way of example such orientation information may include information indicative of at least one of pitch, yaw or roll.

In some embodiments, the combined input may be obtained by merging a value of controller input information representative of a position of a control stick (e.g., one of the analog joysticks 631, with a value of the supplementary input information representative of the orientation of the user-movable object. As state above, the user-movable object may include an object mounted to the game controller 630 and/or the game controller 630, and the combined input may reflect an enhanced pitch up input when the control stick is moved backward while the pitch is increased to a positive (nose-up) value. Similarly, the combined input may reflect an enhanced pitch down input when the control stick is moved forward while the pitch is decreased to a negative (nose-down) value.

The combined input may be obtained by assigning the value of the controller input information representative of a position of the control stick as coarse control information and assigning the value of the supplementary input information representative of the orientation of the user-movable object as fine control information. Alternatively, the combined input may be obtained by assigning the value of the controller input information identifying whether a switch of the game controller is active as coarse control information and assigning the value of the supplementary input information representative of the orientation of the user-movable object as fine control information. In addition, the combined input may be obtained by assigning the value of the supplementary input information representative of the orientation of the user-movable object as coarse control information and assigning the value of the controller input information representative of a position of the control stick as fine control information. Furthermore, the combined input may also be obtained by assigning the value of the controller input information identifying whether a switch of the game controller is active as fine control information and assigning the value of the supplementary input information representative of the orientation of the user-movable object as coarse control information. In any or all of these cases, the combined input may be representative of the value of the coarse control information as adjusted a relatively small amount in accordance with the fine control information.

In some embodiments, the combined input may be obtained by additively combining a value represented by the controller input information with a value represented by the supplementary input information such that the combined input presents a signal having a higher or lower value to the game program 604 than either of the values of the controller input information or the supplementary input information taken alone. The combined input may alternatively present a signal having a smoothed value to the game program 604, the smoothed value signal being subject to change more slowly with time than either of the values of the controller input information or the supplementary input information taken alone. The combined input may also present a high definition signal having increased signal content to the game program. The high definition signal may be subject to change more rapidly with time than either of the values of the controller input information or the supplementary input information taken alone.

Although embodiments of the present invention are described in terms of examples related to a video game controller 630 games, embodiments of the invention, including the system 600 may be used on any user manipulated body, molded object, knob, structure, etc, with inertial sensing capability and inertial sensor signal transmission capability, wireless or otherwise.

By way of example, embodiments of the present invention may be implemented on parallel processing systems. Such parallel processing systems typically include two or more processor elements that are configured to execute parts of a program in parallel using separate processors. By way of example, and without limitation, FIG. 7 illustrates a type of cell processor 700 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The cell processor 700 may be used as the processor 601 of FIG. 6 or the processor 502 of FIG. 5A. In the example depicted in FIG. 7, the cell processor 700 includes a main memory 702, power processor element (PPE) 704, and a number of synergistic processor elements (SPEs) 706. In the example depicted in FIG. 7, the cell processor 700 includes a single PPE 704 and eight SPE 706. In such a configuration, seven of the SPE 706 may be used for parallel processing and one may be reserved as a back-up in case one of the other seven fails. A cell processor may alternatively include multiple groups of PPEs (PPE groups) and multiple groups of SPEs (SPE groups). In such a case, hardware resources can be shared between units within a group. However, the SPEs and PPEs must appear to software as independent elements. As such, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to use with the configuration shown in FIG. 7.

The main memory 702 typically includes both general-purpose and nonvolatile storage, as well as special-purpose hardware registers or arrays used for functions such as system configuration, data-transfer synchronization, memory-mapped I/O, and I/O subsystems. In embodiments of the present invention, a video game program 703 may be resident in main memory 702. The video program 703 may include inertial, image and acoustic analyzers and a mixer configured as described with respect to FIGS. 4, 5A, 5B or 5C above or some combination of these. The program 703 may run on the PPE. The program 703 may be divided up into multiple signal processing tasks that can be executed on the SPEs and/or PPE.

By way of example, the PPE 704 may be a 64-bit PowerPC Processor Unit (PPU) with associated caches L1 and L2. The PPE 704 is a general-purpose processing unit, which can access system management resources (such as the memory-protection tables, for example). Hardware resources may be mapped explicitly to a real address space as seen by the PPE. Therefore, the PPE can address any of these resources directly by using an appropriate effective address value. A primary function of the PPE 704 is the management and allocation of tasks for the SPEs 706 in the cell processor 700.

Although only a single PPE is shown in FIG. 7, some cell processor implementations, such as cell broadband engine architecture (CBEA), the cell processor 700 may have multiple PPEs organized into PPE groups, of which there may be more than one. These PPE groups may share access to the main memory 702. Furthermore the cell processor 700 may include two or more groups SPEs. The SPE groups may also share access to the main memory 702. Such configurations are within the scope of the present invention.

Each SPE 706 is includes a synergistic processor unit (SPU) and its own local storage area LS. The local storage LS may include one or more separate areas of memory storage, each one associated with a specific SPU. Each SPU may be configured to only execute instructions (including data load and data store operations) from within its own associated local storage domain. In such a configuration, data transfers between the local storage LS and elsewhere in the system 700 may be performed by issuing direct memory access (DMA) commands from the memory flow controller (MFC) to transfer data to or from the local storage domain (of the individual SPE). The SPUs are less complex computational units than the PPE 704 in that they do not perform any system management functions. The SPU generally have a single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) capability and typically process data and initiate any required data transfers (subject to access properties set up by the PPE) in order to perform their allocated tasks. The purpose of the SPU is to enable applications that require a higher computational unit density and can effectively use the provided instruction set. A significant number of SPEs in a system managed by the PPE 704 allow for cost-effective processing over a wide range of applications.

Each SPE 706 may include a dedicated memory flow controller (MFC) that includes an associated memory management unit that can hold and process memory-protection and access-permission information. The MFC provides the primary method for data transfer, protection, and synchronization between main storage of the cell processor and the local storage of an SPE. An MFC command describes the transfer to be performed. Commands for transferring data are sometimes referred to as MFC direct memory access (DMA) commands (or MFC DMA commands).

Each MFC may support multiple DMA transfers at the same time and can maintain and process multiple MFC commands. Each MFC DMA data transfer command request may involve both a local storage address (LSA) and an effective address (EA). The local storage address may directly address only the local storage area of its associated SPE. The effective address may have a more general application, e.g., it may be able to reference main storage, including all the SPE local storage areas, if they are aliased into the real address space.

To facilitate communication between the SPEs 706 and/or between the SPEs 706 and the PPE 704, the SPEs 706 and PPE 704 may include signal notification registers that are tied to signaling events. The PPE 704 and SPEs 706 may be coupled by a star topology in which the PPE 704 acts as a router to transmit messages to the SPEs 706. Alternatively, each SPE 706 and the PPE 704 may have a one-way signal notification register referred to as a mailbox. The mailbox can be used by an SPE 706 to host operating system (OS) synchronization.

The cell processor 700 may include an input/output (I/O) function 708 through which the cell processor 700 may interface with peripheral devices, such as a microphone array 712 and optional image capture unit 713 and a game controller 730. The game controller unit may include an inertial sensor 732, and light sources 734. In addition an Element Interconnect Bus 710 may connect the various components listed above. Each SPE and the PPE can access the bus 710 through a bus interface units BIU. The cell processor 700 may also includes two controllers typically found in a processor: a Memory Interface Controller MIC that controls the flow of data between the bus 710 and the main memory 702, and a Bus Interface Controller BIC, which controls the flow of data between the I/O 708 and the bus 710. Although the requirements for the MIC, BIC, BIUs and bus 710 may vary widely for different implementations, those of skill in the art will be familiar their functions and circuits for implementing them.

The cell processor 700 may also include an internal interrupt controller IIC. The IIC component manages the priority of the interrupts presented to the PPE. The IIC allows interrupts from the other components the cell processor 700 to be handled without using a main system interrupt controller. The IIC may be regarded as a second level controller. The main system interrupt controller may handle interrupts originating external to the cell processor.

In embodiments of the present invention, certain computations, such as the fractional delays described above, may be performed in parallel using the PPE 704 and/or one or more of the SPE 706. Each fractional delay calculation may be run as one or more separate tasks that different SPE 706 may take as they become available.

While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to use various alternatives, modifications and equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should be determined not with reference to the above description but should, instead, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with their full scope of equivalents. Any feature described herein, whether preferred or not, may be combined with any other feature described herein, whether preferred or not. In the claims that follow, the indefinite article “A”, or “An” refers to a quantity of one or more of the item following the article, except where expressly stated otherwise. The appended claims are not to be interpreted as including means-plus-function limitations, unless such a limitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase “means for.” 

1. A controller for controlling execution of a program, comprising: a source of controller input information from a user-manipulable controller, the controller input information including information for identifying a current state of a user-movable switch or control stick on the controller; a source of supplementary input information from the controller, wherein the supplementary input information includes information indicating a three-dimensional motion of the controller; and wherein the controller input information and supplementary input information are configured to be combined to obtain a combined input for controlling the execution of the program by processing the controller input information and the supplementary input information to yield the combined input, wherein the combined input is obtained by assigning the value of the controller input information as coarse control information and assigning the value of the supplementary input information as fine control information or vice versa.
 2. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller input information and the supplementary input information are configured such that the combined input includes merged input for controlling a function during execution of the program, and at least some of the merged input is obtained by merging the controller input information relative to the function and the supplementary input information relative to the function.
 3. The controller of claim 2, wherein the merging is performed by averaging a value representative of the controller input information with a value representative of the supplementary input information.
 4. The controller of claim 3, wherein the value of the controller input information is averaged in a one-to-one ratio with the value of the supplementary input information.
 5. The controller of claim 3, wherein the controller input information and the supplementary input information are each assigned different weights and the step of averaging is performed as a weighted average of the values of controller input information and supplementary input information in accordance with the assigned weights.
 6. The controller of claim 1, wherein a value of a first one of the controller input information or the supplementary input information is configured to be used as modifying input to the program for modifying control over a still active function activated in accordance with at least one of a second one of the controller input information or the supplementary input information.
 7. The controller of claim 1, wherein the source of supplementary information includes an LED light source and a diffuser on the controller, wherein the diffuser is configured to diffuse light from the light source and wherein the supplementary input information is derived from a diffuse image of the LED light source within an image obtained from an image capture device.
 8. The controller of claim 1, wherein the supplementary input information further includes at least one of inertial sensor information obtained by operation of an inertial sensor or orientation information representative of an orientation of a user-movable object.
 9. The controller of claim 8, wherein the inertial sensor is mounted to the controller and the inertial sensor includes at least one of an accelerometer or a gyroscope.
 10. The controller of claim 1, wherein the supplementary input information includes information indicative of at least one of a position or an orientation of a user-movable object.
 11. The controller of claim 10, wherein the user-movable object includes at least one of the controller or an article mounted to a body of the controller and the supplementary input information includes information indicative of an orientation of the user-movable object.
 12. The controller of claim 10, wherein the supplementary input information includes information indicative of at least one of pitch, yaw or roll.
 13. The controller of claim 12, wherein the supplementary input information includes information indicative of pitch, yaw and roll.
 14. The controller of claim 10, wherein the combined input is obtained by merging a value of controller input information representative of a state of the switch or control stick with a value of the supplementary input information representative of the orientation of the user-movable object.
 15. The controller of claim 14, wherein the combined input reflects an enhanced pitch up input when the control stick is moved backward while the pitch is increased to a positive (nose-up) value.
 16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the combined input reflects an enhanced pitch down input when the control stick is moved forward while the pitch is decreased to a negative (nose-down) value.
 17. The controller of claim 14, wherein the combined input is representative of the value of the coarse control information as adjusted a relatively small amount in accordance with the fine control information.
 18. The controller of claim 14, wherein the combined input is obtained by assigning the value of the controller input information identifying whether the switch or control stick on the controller is active as coarse control information and assigning the value of the supplementary input information representative of the orientation of the user-movable object as fine control information, wherein the combined input is representative of the value of the coarse control information as adjusted a relatively small amount in accordance with the fine control information.
 19. The controller of claim 14, wherein the controller input information and the supplementary information are configured such that the combined input is obtained by assigning the value of the controller input information identifying whether the switch or control stick on the controller is active as fine control information and assigning the value of the supplementary input information representative of the orientation of the user-movable object as coarse control information, wherein the combined input is representative of the value of the coarse control information as adjusted a relatively small amount in accordance with the fine control information.
 20. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller input information and the supplementary information are configured such that the combined input is obtained by additively combining a value represented by the controller input information with a value represented by the supplementary input information such that the combined input presents a signal having a higher value to the program than either of the values of the controller input information or the supplementary input information taken alone.
 21. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller input information and the supplementary information are configured such that the combined input is obtained by subtractively combining a value represented by the controller input information with a value represented by the supplementary input information such that the combined input presents a signal having a lower value to the program than either of the values of the controller input information or the supplementary input information taken alone.
 22. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller input information and the supplementary information are configured such that the combined input presents a signal having a smoothed value to the program, the smoothed value signal being subject to change more slowly with time than either of the values of the controller input information or the supplementary input information taken alone.
 23. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller input information and the supplementary information are configured such that the combined input presents a high definition signal having increased signal content to the program, the high definition signal being subject to change more rapidly with time than either of the values of the controller input information or the supplementary input information taken alone.
 24. The controller of claim 1, wherein the supplementary input information includes acoustic information obtained from an acoustic transducer in the environment in response to sounds emitted from a sound source on the controller.
 25. The controller of claim 1, wherein the controller input information includes information identifying whether a pressure-sensitive button is activated.
 26. The controller of claim 1, wherein the supplementary input information includes at least one of: i) information obtained from an image capture device in the environment, ii) information from an inertial sensor associated with at least one of the controller or the user, or iii) information from an acoustic transducer in the environment.
 27. The controller of claim 1, wherein the supplementary input information includes information obtained from an image capture device in the environment, information from an inertial sensor associated with at least one of the controller or the user, and information from an acoustic transducer in the environment. 